International Conference and Exhibition on Pediatric Oncology and Clinical Pediatrics August 11-13, 2016 Toronto, Canada

Pediatric emergency medicine is a medical subspecialty of both pediatrics and emergency medicine. Pediatric emergency medicine is a medical specialty which involves urgent care for undifferentiated, unscheduled children with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate or urgent medical attention. Pediatric emergency medicine has evolved to treat conditions that pose a threat to life, limb or have a significant risk of morbidity and the track includes: Pediatric Resuscitation, General Emergency Medicine, Allergic cross-reactivity, Role of Radiology in Emergency Medicine.

Emergency medicine primary care is a medical specialty involving care for undifferentiated, unscheduled patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. Pediatric Resuscitation is intervention after a baby is born to help it breathe and to help its heart beat. Before a baby is born, the placenta provides oxygen and nutrition to the blood and removes carbon dioxide. After a baby is born, the lungs provide oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide.

Pediatric dentists are dedicated to the oral health of children from infancy through the teen years. They have the experience and qualifications to care for a child’s teeth, gums, and mouth throughout the various stages of childhood.

Children begin to get their baby teeth during the first 6 months of life. By age 6 or 7 years, they start to lose their first set of teeth, which eventually are replaced by secondary, permanent teeth. Without proper dental care, children face possible oral decay and disease that can cause a lifetime of pain and complications. Today, early childhood dental caries an infectious disease is 5 times more common in children than asthma and 7 times more common than hay fever.

The aim of the study of pediatrics is to reduce infant and child rate of deaths, control the spread of infectious disease, promote healthy lifestyles for a long disease-free life and help ease the problems of children and adolescents. It can be acknowledged that this can be reached by learning the major and primary subject on General Pediatrics. General Pediatrics includes the basic treatments involved for the betterment of pediatric health. The most significant problems can be due to nutritional deficiencies to the overall health of infants and children because growth and development can be seriously hindered by shortages in essential vitamins or nutrients.

The diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with cancer has a tremendous and lasting effect on the patients, their families, and other individuals in their social network. The positive effects of art therapies for distraction during medical visits and procedures have been well studied. Adequate nutrition during cancer plays a decisive role in several clinical outcome measures, such as treatment response, quality of life, and cost of care.

Certain disorders (such as ALL or AML) will require immediate admission and chemotherapy, while others will be followed up with regular physical examination and blood tests. Often, surgery is attempted to remove a tumor entirely. This is only feasible when there is some degree of certainty that the tumor can in fact be removed. Surgery is also used for the palliative treatment of some of cancers, e.g. to relieve biliary obstruction, or to relieve the problems associated with some cerebral tumors. The risks of surgery must be weighed against the benefits. A Bone marrow transplant is a medical procedure in which bone marrow that contains cancer is replaced by highly specialized cells, called hematopoietic stem cells, that develop into healthy bone marrow. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used as a first-line radical therapy in a number of malignancies. They are also used for adjuvant therapy, i.e. when the macroscopic tumor has already been completely removed surgically but there is a reasonable statistical risk that it will recur. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used for palliation, where disease is clearly incurable. There is currently a rapid expansion in the use of monoclonal antibody treatments, notably for lymphoma (Rituximab), and breast cancer (Trastuzumab). Vaccine and other immunotherapies are the subject of intensive research.

Clinical trials are used to determine the most effective and safest treatment for a disease. Each trial is aimed at improving survival rates or reducing side effects or late effects of treatment. It is important to understand that clinical trials are standard practice in cancer treatment for children, adolescents and young adults. While less than five percent of adults with cancer are enrolled in clinical trials, 60 percent of patients under age 29 diagnosed with cancer are enrolled in trials.

Astrocytomas form from star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes. They can be cancerous and low-grade (more common in children) or high-grade (more common in adults). Ependymomas are cancerous tumors that form from part of the central nervous system called the ependyma. They also can be low-grade or high-grade. Brainstem gliomas form in the tissue of the brainstem, the part of the brain that connects to the spine. They can be cancerous and are typically high-grade and fast-growing. Medulloblastomas or primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are cancerous, high-grade tumors that start in the posterior fossa, a part of the brain near the base of the skull. Craniopharyngiomas are non-cancerous tumors that form at the base of the brain near the pituitary gland. Germ cell tumors usually form in the testes or ovaries but can also form in the brain and central nervous system. They can be cancerous. Pontine gliomas are cancerous, high-grade tumors that form in a part of the brainstem called the pons. Optic nerve gliomas form in or around the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain. Most optic nerve gliomas are noncancerous and slow-growing.

The management of children with brain and spinal cord tumors is extremely complex. Pediatric brain cancers can be stubborn, and typically do not respond to traditional chemotherapy and radiation. in part because the brain is somewhat protected from medications the blood-brain barrier, in part because surgery in the brain has to be quite refined to minimize injury to brain tissue, and in part because radiation treatment to the brain can cause injury to normal brain tissue.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), a type of external beam radiation therapy, is the most commonly used approach for pediatric patients. This computer-guided technology can precisely target cancer cells,  which reduces the radiation delivered to nearby normal tissue and minimizes side effects. X-rays, CT scanning, MRI scanning, ultrasound and other radiological techniques to localise and guide biopsy. Scintigraphy, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Positron emission tomography (PET) and other methods of nuclear medicine to identify areas suspicious for malignancy.

The purpose of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Pediatric Oncology for the Cancer Treatment and Research Series is to provide an up-to-date summary of how recent advances in cancer research are being applied to the care of children with solid tumors. Pediatric diagnostic radiation uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat medical conditions in children.

More than 100 drugs have been approved by the Division of Oncology Drug Products of the FDA for the treatment of malignancies. Only 15 have pediatric use information in their labeling, which is less than 50% of the drugs commonly used in the treatment of pediatric malignancies. In the past 20 years, there have been six submissions to the FDA for pediatric oncology indications.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy. It is an embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system arising from neuroblasts (pluripotent sympathetic cells). In the developing embryo, these cells invaginate, migrate along the neuraxis, and populate the sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and other sites. The patterns of distribution of these cells correlates with the sites of primary neuroblastoma presentation.

Leukemia is usually described either as "acute", which grows quickly, or "chronic", which grows slowly. One main type of acute leukemia is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which accounts for about 3 out of 4 cases of leukemia in children. ALL is a form of leukemia that affects the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells which fights infection. Another type of acute leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). AML is cancer of the blood in which too many myeloblasts, immature white blood cells, are produced in the bone marrow.

Chronic leukemias are more common in adults than in children, and although they tend to grow more slowly than acute leukemias, they are harder to treat. These chronic leukemias are divided into two types: chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CML is rare in children, but does occur and is treatable in children the same as in adults. CML patients have too many immature white blood cells being produced, and the cells crowd the other healthy blood cells. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a form of leukemia that is neither chronic nor acute and occurs most often in children under the age of four. JMML begins from myeloid cells, but is not as fast-growing as AML or as slow as CML.

The Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology is committed to excellence in patient care, research, education and advocacy. The Division offers the full spectrum of clinical services within this specialty to infants, children, adolescents and young adults. There are disease-specific programs directed by the faculty including those for patients with hemoglobinopathies, disorders of hemostasis, or cancer. Patients are provided compassionate coordinated care with state-of-the-art treatment delivered by physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, social workers, and psychologists.

Pediatric oncology is a specialty discipline in medicine concerned with diagnosing and treating children, usually up to the age of 18, with cancer. It is thought to be one of the most challenging of specialties because, despite successful treatment of many children, there is a high mortality rate still associated with various types of cancers.

Pediatric Care Nursing is the combination of pediatrics and nursing. Specially trained nurses from field of pediatrics plays a major role in pediatric nursing. The track includes The Importance of Health Care, Neonatal intensive care and Nursing, Schizophrenia and Nursing care, Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing. Emergency care nursing is the important part of training given to medical nurses and graduates, so that in case if absence of a complete emergency practitioner, they can be a help for patients.

Pediatric Healthcare gives a brief thought on scholarly clinical data and research in regards to essential, intense and claim to fame medicinal services for offspring of infant age through youthful adulthood inside of a family-focused connection. It disperses multidisciplinary points of view on confirmation based practice and developing approach, support and instructive issues that are of significance to all medicinal services experts looking after youngsters and their families concentrating on Improving Inpatient Pediatric Healthcare Quality, Education and Research, Chronic therapeutic issues of newborn child and youthful kids , Pediatric Physical Diagnosis, Priorities for pediatric pre doctor's facility research , Transfusion techniques for patients in pediatric serious consideration units, Pediatric attendants' convictions and rehearses.