2nd International Conference on Pediatric Oncology and Pediatric Medicine October 05-06, 2017 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

The Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology is committed to excellence in patient care, research, education and advocacy. The Division offers the full spectrum of clinical services within this specialty to infants, children, adolescents and young adults. There are disease-specific programs directed by the faculty including those for patients with hemoglobinopathies, disorders of hemostasis, or cancer. Patients are provided compassionate coordinated care with state-of-the-art treatment delivered by physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, social workers, and psychologists.

The most common cancer in children are Leukemia, which are cancers of the bone marrow and blood, are the most common childhood cancers. They account for about 30% of all cancers in children. Brain and central nervous system tumors are the second most common cancers in children, making up about 26% of childhood cancers. Neuroblastoma starts in early forms of nerve cells found in a developing embryo or fetus. About 6% of childhood cancers are neuroblastomas. Wilms tumor starts in one, or rarely, both kidneys. It is most often found in children about 3 to 4 years old. It can show up as a swelling or lump in the belly (abdomen). It accounts for about 5% of childhood cancers. Lymphoma start in certain cells of the immune system called lymphocytes. They most often grow in lymph nodes and other lymph tissues, like the tonsils or thymus. Rhabdomyosarcoma starts in cells that normally develop into skeletal muscles. It makes up about 3% of childhood cancers. Osteosarcoma is most common in teens, and usually develops in areas where the bone is growing quickly, such as near the ends of the long bones in the legs or arms. Ewing sarcoma is a less common type of bone cancer, which can also cause bone pain and swelling. It is most often found in young teens. Germ cell tumors make up about 3% of all childhood cancers. Ninety percent of germ cell tumors are gonadal which are found in the ovaries or testicles and are more common in children and adolescents. Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare childhood cancer occurring in the chest, specifically in the lungs or in the coverings of the lungs called "pleura". Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor in children, accounting for just over 1% of pediatric cancers.

Leukemia is usually described either as "acute", which grows quickly, or "chronic", which grows slowly. One main type of acute leukemia is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which accounts for about 3 out of 4 cases of leukemia in children. ALL is a form of leukemia that affects the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells which fights infection. Another type of acute leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). AML is cancer of the blood in which too many myeloblasts, immature white blood cells, are produced in the bone marrow.

Chronic leukemias are more common in adults than in children, and although they tend to grow more slowly than acute leukemias, they are harder to treat. These chronic leukemias are divided into two types: chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CML is rare in children, but does occur and is treatable in children the same as in adults. CML patients have too many immature white blood cells being produced, and the cells crowd the other healthy blood cells. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a form of leukemia that is neither chronic nor acute and occurs most often in children under the age of four. JMML begins from myeloid cells, but is not as fast-growing as AML or as slow as CML.

The management of children with brain and spinal cord tumors is extremely complex. Pediatric brain cancers can be stubborn, and typically do not respond to traditional chemotherapy and radiation. in part because the brain is somewhat protected from medications the blood-brain barrier, in part because surgery in the brain has to be quite refined to minimize injury to brain tissue, and in part because radiation treatment to the brain can cause injury to normal brain tissue.

The purpose of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Pediatric Oncology for the Cancer Treatment and Research Series is to provide an up-to-date summary of how recent advances in cancer research are being applied to the care of children with solid tumors. Pediatric diagnostic radiation uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat medical conditions in children.

Certain disorders (such as ALL or AML) will require immediate admission and chemotherapy, while others will be followed up with regular physical examination and blood tests. Often, surgery is attempted to remove a tumor entirely. This is only feasible when there is some degree of certainty that the tumor can in fact be removed. Surgery is also used for the palliative treatment of some of cancers, e.g. to relieve biliary obstruction, or to relieve the problems associated with some cerebral tumors. The risks of surgery must be weighed against the benefits. A Bone marrow transplant is a medical procedure in which bone marrow that contains cancer is replaced by highly specialized cells, called hematopoietic stem cells, that develop into healthy bone marrow. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used as a first-line radical therapy in a number of malignancies. They are also used for adjuvant therapy, i.e. when the macroscopic tumor has already been completely removed surgically but there is a reasonable statistical risk that it will recur. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used for palliation, where disease is clearly incurable. There is currently a rapid expansion in the use of monoclonal antibody treatments, notably for lymphoma (Rituximab), and breast cancer (Trastuzumab). Vaccine and other immunotherapies are the subject of intensive research.

It can be frightening to hear that a child has cancer or a blood disorder. It is acknowledged that Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy. It is an embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system arising from neuroblasts (pluripotent sympathetic cells). Researchers are looking for genetic source of childhood brain tumors. Their main target is Germ cell tumors (GCTs) in children which are masses of tissue formed by the type of immature cells. Germ cell tumors may be malignant, which means cancerous, or they may be benign, which means noncancerous. The common blood disorders in children are leukemia and lymphoma. Leukemia is a disease of the white blood cells. The most common type of pediatric leukemia is acute lymphocytic leukemia. Other types of leukemia that occur less frequently in children are acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Lymphomas (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) are the third most common cancer in children. Based on the characteristics and microscopic appearance of the cancer cell, the pediatric lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This Session Includes Pediatric Brain Tumor Models, Neurocutaneous Disorders, Neurofibromatosis, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, Leukemia, Epigenetics in Pediatric Cancers, Pediatric Neurobiology and  Proton Radiotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors.

By optimizing our high-performance computing, we enable researchers to analyze and store massive amounts of genetic data more quickly than ever before. Through the cloud, medical professionals map tumor characterizations to the treatment database, which ultimately allows patients quicker access to better treatment. Researchers are now able to analyze a patient’s molecular data — a process that used to take 10 days — in six hours.

Pediatric emergency medicine is a medical subspecialty of both pediatrics and emergency medicine. Pediatric emergency medicine is a medical specialty which involves urgent care for undifferentiated, unscheduled children with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate or urgent medical attention. Pediatric emergency medicine has evolved to treat conditions that pose a threat to life, limb or have a significant risk of morbidity and the track includes: Pediatric Resuscitation, General Emergency Medicine, Allergic cross-reactivity, Role of Radiology in Emergency Medicine.

Emergency medicine primary care is a medical specialty involving care for undifferentiated, unscheduled patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. Pediatric Resuscitation is intervention after a baby is born to help it breathe and to help its heart beat. Before a baby is born, the placenta provides oxygen and nutrition to the blood and removes carbon dioxide. After a baby is born, the lungs provide oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide.

Pediatric critical care mainly deals with the diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions in children who require sophisticated organ support and invasive monitoring. It is a field of pediatrics with a focus on the utmost care of the critically ill or unstable children, who needs immediate attention. The track includes: Headache after minor head Trauma in children, Blunt Trauma, Blunt thoracic aortic injury, Respiratory failures in Children, Pediatric coronary artery disease. Blunt trauma, blunt injury, non-penetrating trauma or blunt force trauma refers to physical trauma to a body part, either by impact, injury or physical attack. The latter is usually referred to as blunt force trauma.

The Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation provides clinical consultation and research programs aimed at making the use of medications in children safer and more effective. Within the division, the Section of Medical Toxicology provides consultative services for potential poison exposures, including overdoses, environmental exposures, and envenomations.

The Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine provides comprehensive care for premature and full-term infants with a complex of neonatal problems. The ICN is a major referral center for term infants with respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension, perinatal asphyxia, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and complex surgical problems, especially those with congenital diaphragmatic hernia where the survival for uncomplicated cases is greater than 90%. Special services offered in our nursery include high frequency ventilation, nitric oxide, hypothermia for perinatal asphyxia, and comprehensive neonatal health care. We also provide long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up for high-risk infants who are discharged from the intensive care nursery. The Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine is a member of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network, a consortium of the leading neonatal intensive care units in the country that perform cutting-edge, collaborative clinical research.

Clinical trials are used to determine the most effective and safest treatment for a disease. Each trial is aimed at improving survival rates or reducing side effects or late effects of treatment. It is important to understand that clinical trials are standard practice in cancer treatment for children, adolescents and young adults. While less than five percent of adults with cancer are enrolled in clinical trials, 60 percent of patients under age 29 diagnosed with cancer are enrolled in trials.