The aim of the study of pediatrics is to reduce infant and child rate of deaths, control the spread of infectious disease, promote healthy lifestyles for a long disease-free life and help ease the problems of children and adolescents. It can be acknowledged that this can be reached by learning the major and primary subject on General Pediatrics. General Pediatrics includes the basic treatments involved for the betterment of pediatric health. The most significant problems can be due to nutritional deficiencies to the overall health of infants and children because growth and development can be seriously hindered by shortages in essential vitamins or nutrients.

The most common cancer in children is Leukemia, which is cancers of the bone marrow and blood, are the most common childhood cancers. They account for about 30% of all cancers in children. Brain and central nervous system tumors are the second most common cancers in children, making up about 26% of childhood cancers. Neuroblastoma starts in early forms of nerve cells found in a developing embryo or fetus. About 6% of childhood cancers are neuroblastomas. Wilms tumor starts in one, or rarely, both kidneys. It is most often found in children about 3 to 4 years old. It can show up as a swelling or lump in the belly (abdomen). It accounts for about 5% of childhood cancers. Lymphoma start in certain cells of the immune system called lymphocytes. They most often grow in lymph nodes and other lymph tissues, like the tonsils or thymus. Rhabdomyosarcoma starts in cells that normally develop into skeletal muscles. It makes up about 3% of childhood cancers. Osteosarcoma is most common in teens, and usually develops in areas where the bone is growing quickly, such as near the ends of the long bones in the legs or arms. Ewing sarcoma is a less common type of bone cancer, which can also cause bone pain and swelling. It is most often found in young teens. Germ cell tumors make up about 3% of all childhood cancers. Ninety percent of germ cell tumors are gonadal which are found in the ovaries or testicles and are more common in children and adolescents. Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare childhood cancer occurring in the chest, specifically in the lungs or in the coverings of the lungs called "pleura". Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor in children, accounting for just over 1% of pediatric cancers.

Pediatric hematology is the branch of pediatrics dealing with study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention different types of blood disorders including the study of bleeding and clotting disorders in children. The study of Tumor Cell Biology reviews applications concerned with signal transduction mechanisms in neoplastic cells, and regulation of tumor cell phenotype and behaviour, and tumor progression. It important to study causes, risk factors and the hypothesis in pediatrics with hematology disorders. A medical practitioner who specializes in this field of pediatric hematology is called pediatric hematologist. It is important that one should be familiar with the educational and preventive measures in order to prevent children being affected with blood disorders.

Leukemia is usually described either as "acute", which grows quickly, or "chronic", which grows slowly. One main type of acute leukemia is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which accounts for about 3 out of 4 cases of leukemia in children. ALL is a form of leukemia that affects the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells which fights infection. Another type of acute leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). AML is cancer of the blood in which too many myeloblasts, immature white blood cells, are produced in the bone marrow.

Chronic leukemias are more common in adults than in children, and although they tend to grow more slowly than acute leukemias, they are harder to treat. These chronic leukemias are divided into two types: chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CML is rare in children, but does occur and is treatable in children the same as in adults. CML patients have too many immature white blood cells being produced, and the cells crowd the other healthy blood cells. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a form of leukemia that is neither chronic nor acute and occurs most often in children under the age of four. JMML begins from myeloid cells, but is not as fast-growing as AML or as slow as CML.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), a type of external beam radiation therapy, is the most commonly used approach for pediatric patients. This computer-guided technology can precisely target cancer cells, which reduces the radiation delivered to nearby normal tissue and minimizes side effects. X-rays, CT scanning, MRI scanning, ultrasound and other radiological techniques to localise and guide biopsy. Scintigraphy, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Positron emission tomography (PET) and other methods of nuclear medicine to identify areas suspicious for malignancy.

The management of children with brain and spinal cord tumors is extremely complex. Pediatric brain cancers can be stubborn, and typically do not respond to traditional chemotherapy and radiation. in part because the brain is somewhat protected from medications the blood-brain barrier, in part because surgery in the brain has to be quite refined to minimize injury to brain tissue, and in part because radiation treatment to the brain can cause injury to normal brain tissue.

Pediatric cancer sometimes generate genetically. The roots of pediatric cancer are hidden deep within a child’s DNA. Researchers are working on Pediatric Cancer Genome Project which is the world’s most ambitious effort to discover the origins of childhood cancer and seek new cures.

The purpose of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Pediatric Oncology for the Cancer Treatment and Research Series is to provide an up-to-date summary of how recent advances in cancer research are being applied to the care of children with solid tumors. Pediatric diagnostic radiation uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat medical conditions in children.

Certain disorders (such as ALL or AML) will require immediate admission and chemotherapy, while others will be followed up with regular physical examination and blood tests. Often, surgery is attempted to remove a tumor entirely. This is only feasible when there is some degree of certainty that the tumor can in fact be removed. Surgery is also used for the palliative treatment of some of cancers, e.g. to relieve biliary obstruction, or to relieve the problems associated with some cerebral tumors. The risks of surgery must be weighed against the benefits. A Bone marrow transplant is a medical procedure in which bone marrow that contains cancer is replaced by highly specialized cells, called hematopoietic stem cells, that develop into healthy bone marrow. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used as a first-line radical therapy in a number of malignancies. They are also used for adjuvant therapy, i.e. when the macroscopic tumor has already been completely removed surgically but there is a reasonable statistical risk that it will recur. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used for palliation, where disease is clearly incurable. There is currently a rapid expansion in the use of monoclonal antibody treatments, notably for lymphoma (Rituximab), and breast cancer (Trastuzumab). Vaccine and other immunotherapies are the subject of intensive research.

By optimizing our high-performance computing, we enable researchers to analyze and store massive amounts of genetic data more quickly than ever before. Through the cloud, medical professionals map tumor characterizations to the treatment database, which ultimately allows patients quicker access to better treatment. Researchers are now able to analyze a patient’s molecular data — a process that used to take 10 days — in six hours.

Childhood cancer is a region of oncology that has seen both striking improvement and in addition generous proceeding with challenges. While survival rates for some pediatric growths display an account of achievement, for some sorts of pediatric malignancies, little advance has been made. Numerous growth medications are known to cause noteworthy intense reactions, as well as prompt various long term health hazards and decreased risks. Indeed, even in situations where the disease is viewed as reparable, the outcomes of treatment display considerable long term health and psychosocial concerns for kids, their families, their communities, and our health system.

It can be frightening to hear that a child has cancer or a blood disorder. It is acknowledged that Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy. It is an embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system arising from neuroblasts (pluripotent sympathetic cells). Researchers are looking for genetic source of childhood brain tumors. Their main target is Germ cell tumors (GCTs) in children which are masses of tissue formed by the type of immature cells. Germ cell tumors may be malignant, which means cancerous, or they may be benign, which means noncancerous. The common blood disorders in children are leukemia and lymphoma. Leukemia is a disease of the white blood cells. The most common type of pediatric leukemia is acute lymphocytic leukemia. Other types of leukemia that occur less frequently in children are acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Lymphomas (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) are the third most common cancer in children. Based on the characteristics and microscopic appearance of the cancer cell, the pediatric lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This Session Includes Pediatric Brain Tumor Models, Neurocutaneous Disorders, Neurofibromatosis, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, Leukemia, Epigenetics in Pediatric Cancers, Pediatric Neurobiology and  Proton Radiotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors.

 Pediatric nursing is the restorative care of neonates and children up to adolescent, more often than not in an in-understanding doctor's facility or day-center. The main part of pediatric nurses is to regulate specifically methodology and pharmaceuticals to youngsters as per endorsed nursing care designs. Nurses likewise evaluate the patient by watching fundamental signs, and creating relational abilities with child and families and with restorative groups. Being a help to youngsters and their families is one segment of direct nursing care. Familiarity with the worries of children and parent, being available physically on occasion of stress and implementing systems to enable children and families to adapt are all part of the work.

Neonatal nursing is a subspecialty of nursing look after babies up to 28 days after birth. Neonatal nursing requires a high level of skills, devotion and passionate quality as the nurses tend to babies with a scope of issues, prematurity, birth defects, disease, cardiovascular abnormalities and surgical issues. Neonatal nurses are an indispensable piece of the neonatal care group and are required to know fundamental infant revival, have the capacity to control the infant's temperature and know how to start cardiopulmonary and pulse oximetry monitoring. Perinatal nursing is a nursing that works with patients who are planning to become pregnant, are right now pregnant, or have recently delivered. Perinatal Nurses help to give pre-birth care and testing, care of patients experiencing pregnancy complications, care during labour and delivery. Perinatal Nurses work with obstetricians, birthing specialists, and attendant professionals.

 Pediatric Palliative care is a multidisciplinary way to deal with specific therapeutic and nursing watch over child with life-timing diseases. It centers on giving alleviation from the side effects, physical stress and mental stress of a terminal diagnosis. The objective is to enhance personal satisfaction for both the individual and their family.

 General Pediatric gives the nursing consideration to children of any age experiencing chronic and acute surgical and medicinal conditions. Pediatric Nurses are profiled in a few intense care departments, surgery wards and care units. Nurses give social insurance needs of every single normal issue and instruct the patients and their families to build up the personal satisfaction. According to recent surveys, number of child death is expanding each year because of absence of advanced healthcare equipment. Thus Medical Practitioners and nurses are in the forefront to reduce the death rates the world over.

 A pediatric intensive care unit is an area where the care of critically ill infants, children, and teenagers are done. A PICU is typically directed by one or more pediatric intensivists or PICU consultants and staffed by doctors  especially by nurses who are trained and experienced in pediatric intensive care. The unit may also have physician assistants, nurse practitioners, social workers, child life specialists, and though this varies widely depending on geographic location.

Pediatric Emergency Nursing focused on the care of children with medical emergencies, that is, those who require prompt medical attention to avoid long-term disease or death. Pediatric emergency nurses may also work in urgent care centers, sports arenas, and on medical transport helicopters and ambulances.

Clinical trials are used to determine the most effective and safest treatment for a disease. Each trial is aimed at improving survival rates or reducing side effects or late effects of treatment. It is important to understand that clinical trials are standard practice in cancer treatment for children, adolescents and young adults. While less than five percent of adults with cancer are enrolled in clinical trials, 60 percent of patients under age 29 diagnosed with cancer are enrolled in trials.